The upper chest is usually best isolated in movements where you press more in the direction of your shoulder, for example an Incline pressing movement.

Also note that the upper chest is commonly undertrained.

The middle chest is involved in most horizontal pressing movements (barbell benchpress) and fly movements (cable chest fly).

The lower chest is not commonly trained as it is usually trained alongside the middle chest and is thus overtrained. The lower chest can be isolated by movements where you press more downwards, for example a Decline pressing movement

The long head can be isolated with movements such as skullcrushers or an overhead extention

The medial head can be isolated with an exercise like the triceps pushdown.

The lateral head can be isolated with a heavy movement such as dips but can also be worked really effectively with triceps pushdowns

Responsible for extending the arm above the head(overhead pressing)

Can be isolated with movements such as an overhead press

Note that this muscle it usually overtrained and doesn not need as much training

The medial delt is responsible for raising the arms when the arms are to the side

Can be isolated with movements sush as a lateral raise

Note that this muscle is usually undertrained

The function of the rear delt is to raise the arms behind the body

Can be isolated with movements such as a real delt fly

Note that this muscle is also usually undertrained

Mostly responsible for bending the arm whilst the arm is extended out in front of the body.

An example of an exercise for the short head of the bicep is the Preacher curl.

Mostly responsible for bending the arm whilst the arm is extended behind the body

Can be isolated with Incline bicep curls

Mostly responsible for bending the arm when the hands are in a neutral/pronated position

Can be isolated with exercises such as Hammer curls and Reverse grip bicep curls

The Hamstrings have two basic functions, namely Hip extension and Knee flexion(bending the leg behind the body)

You can isolate the hamstrings in both functions with Romanian deadlifts(hip extension) and Laying/Seated hamstring curls(knee flexion)

The Calves are used for standing on your toes.

Can only be isolated with a calf raise variant

The Quads are mostly responsible for Knee extension(straightening the leg from a bent position)

You can isolate the quads with two main exercise types, Leg extensions(shortened position) and Squats/ any Leg press variant(lengthened position)